Water Treatment: Water Hardness and Softening (online)

Students will revisit the causes of water hardness, including the presence of calcium and magnesium ions, and the impact of hard water on water quality and treatment systems. The course covers various methods for softening water, such as ion exchange, lime softening, and reverse osmosis, as well as the advantages and limitations of each approach. Students will also learn about the importance of monitoring and controlling water hardness levels to ensure optimal water quality for various applications. Overall, the course aims to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of water hardness and softening processes in water treatment.